Using Quality Methods to Ensure Consistency of Care Assignment

Utilizing Quality Methods to Ensure Consistency of Care - Assignment Example For the most part, the wellbeing experts in the crisis division of any medicinal services are not in a situation to analyze the malady the patient is experiencing. For the situation study, the paramedics react sufficiently quick and give brief treatment after a quality appraisal of the patient’s condition. The paramedics in this examination exhibit demonstrable skill in that they treat the patient on location before conceding him to the medical clinic for additional conclusion. It is likewise apparent that it requires some investment before the patient could get significant clinical consideration because of absence of offices at the neighborhood network medical clinic. Indeed, the paramedics show responsibility by much of the time evaluating the patient at each degree of treatment (Dlugazc, 2006). Most shockingly, the paramedics utilize radio to send messages to the tertiary place which exhibits poor correspondence. The enrollment of profoundly prepared experts requiring high compensation is significant for accomplishing quality execution assessment. Moreover, associations require significant hardware and vehicles for emergency vehicle administrations which require an enormous aggregate of capital. The foundation of a superior correspondence framework, for example, the worldwide situating framework in EMS requires distribution of heavy assets. The foundation of a quality administration division is exorbitant and the advancement of procedures to screen improvement is significant for accomplishing the characterized objectives (Dlugazc, 2006). A very much prepared crisis group is significant for the acknowledgment of improved medicinal services administrations. As featured previously, the paramedics for the situation are all around prepared and release their obligations persistently. Dependable and precise information for execution assessment will vigorously depend on the aptitudes from these experts and subsequently the requirement for talented specialists. The different frameworks created to offer administrations to the patients ought to have the ability to gather important information for estimating execution. Preparing ought to be offered to the staff on

Pesticides: Feeding the World Essay -- Farming Food Science Papers

Pesticides: Feeding the World Consistently, new concerns emerge worried over-populace and the eventual fate of earth. Individuals fear starvation and endemic maladies. The issue with present food creation isn't of land lack, yet of yields too low to even think about feeding a multiplied total populace. Plant geneticists are making half breed plants that have better returns and more protection from undesirable and hurtful living beings. Indeed, even with the new plants, pesticides must be applied to procure the half and half's maximum capacity. What follows is some basic misguided judgments about pesticides and their utilization. People ingest around multiple times more normally happening pesticides than they do man-made ones. Truth be told, the hazard you open yourself to by drinking an every day glass of squeezed apple from organic product treated with the pesticide Alar is multiple times not exactly the peril of devouring normal cancer-causing agents in a single mushroom. Pesticide deposits stay just on the outside of produce. They are not consumed by natural products or vegetables. Flushing with clear running water will evacuate a large portion of any follow deposits. Natural food producers regularly use pesticides got from normal sources to ensure their harvests. Many man-made pesticides are less harmful than normally happening ones. Without the accessibility of yield security items, it is evaluated that present world foods grown from the ground creation would decrease by as much as 40% and products of the soil costs w ould increment by up to 70% (Crop Protection Institute, 1997). Indeed, even with the present innovation, food creation would be significantly lower and the quantity of people experiencing lack of healthy sustenance would be drastically expanded if pesticides were not utilized. Changes in Farming Cultivating has changed and progressed unbelievably in the last tw... ...Farming and Agri-Food Canada. (1997). The Pros and Cons of Pesticides [Online]. Accessible: http://www.ns.ec.gc.ca/epb/factsheets/pesticides/pro_con.html [1997, September 28]. Avery, Dennis T. (1995, June). How Pesticides Help Prevent Cancer. Customers' Research Magazine, pp. 11-12. Byrd, John D. Jr., Ph.D., David R. Shaw, Eric P. Webster (1997). PesticidesBenefits and Risks [Online]. http://www.ces.msstate.edu/bars/pub1962.htm [1997, October 7]. Harvest Protection Institute. (1997). Realities and History of Pesticides [Online]. http://www.cropro.org/history.html [9/16/97]. Hastings, John. (1993, September). Do Pesticides on Fruits and Vegetables Threaten Children?. Wellbeing, p. 12. Riviere, Jim E. (1994, August 8). Quit Worrying and Eat Your Salad. Newsweek, p. 8. Spencer, Leslie. (1993, October 25). Boycott All Plants-They Pollute. Forbes, pp. 104-108.

The Broke Persons Guide to Earth Day How to Go Green and Save Green

The Broke Persons Guide to Earth Day How to Go Green and Save Green The Broke Persons Guide to Earth Day: How to Go Green and Save Green The Broke Persons Guide to Earth Day: How to Go Green and Save GreenLiving a more environmentally friendly lifestyle doesnt have to make your bank account miserableâ€"just follow these expert tips!Hello reader. Perhaps you’ve heard about a very special planet. It’s floating around the Milky Way Galaxy and, as far as current science is aware, it’s home to more gerbils than anywhere else in the universe. It’s a planet we like to refer to as “The Blue Ball That Sustains Us All” or, occasionally, “Earth.”But not everything is well on this Earth of ours. Between climate change, non-degradable garbage filling the ocean, and climate change again, it’s clear that we humans (and some of the more intelligent gerbils) need to make some big changes in our consumption habits. And while the most important changes are going to have to come on a large scale, it’s certainly not a bad thing for individuals to help in any way they can.Sure, being environmentally friendly can get exp ensive if you aren’t careful. But if you plan ahead and consider the advice we’ve gathered from the following experts, then you’ll be able to save money and the environment at the same time!Lost in space (heater).Earlier this year we offered some ways that you can save on heating costs. Many of those methods involve lowering your energy use, which is good for the planet.“Use a space heater,” recommended Holly Peterson, owner of  Elite Retirement Strategies. “To save on utilities throughout the year, consider using a space heater to keep your area warm instead of spending money to heat your whole house or apartment. A space heater can be an economical way to make it through the cold winter months.”Reduce and reuse.Humans make a lot of trash. It would be good if we could make less trash. And if you’re throwing fewer things away, that likely means you’re also purchasing fewer things in the first place.“You may have seen painful videos of sea turtles found with plast ic straws or forks up their noses,” said Eric Otjen of the  Seaworld Rescue Team  (@SeaWorld). “Using reusable materials is a small but effective way to reduce the plastic pollution that harms marine life.Choose to drink strawless or buy reusable metal ones. Drink from water bottles instead of disposable cups. If you go out to eat, bring your own containers to take home leftovers. And instead of balloons at your birthday, use biodegradable confetti or rice paper lanterns.”Meatless or meat, less.If you like eating meat, giving it up can seem impossible. But even just replacing meat for a few meals each week can be good for your wallet, your health, and your planet.That being said, if you want to go totally meatless, it’s easier than it has ever been.One of the ways you can save the planet on a budget is to adopt a plant-based diet,” explained Siavash Ghazvinian, Co-Founder of  EthicalTree (@ethicaltree). “Not only is the meat farming industry one of the largest contributo rs to climate change, but meat is one of those grocery items that can really break the bank as well.There are many plant-based products that can offer you the same nutritional benefits as meat for a portion of the cost. For instance, consider using tofu or beans instead of beef or chicken as a protein source in your next meal.Switch up your appliances.Replacing your appliances with more efficient ones will require some upfront spending, but it could help save you money in the long run. Also, Mother Nature will appreciate it.“To save on your utilities, make sure you’re using ‘green’ or efficient appliances,recommended Peterson. “Installing faucet aerators will help to conserve water by limiting the flow through your faucet (and also reduce the energy used to heat the water).You can also install a low-flow showerhead and LED light bulb. A programmable thermostat will save you money on your utilities by turning down the heat automatically at night.”Water you waiting for?Are you drinking enough water each day? We hope so! Your body needs it to function properly. But don’t leave the faucet running between refills.“Running water from a central facility into your bathroom requires a high amount of energy that releases greenhouse gasses into the environment,” warned Otjen. “Over time, this carbon emission negatively affects marine animals’ food supply and ecosystems.Putting a brick in the back of your toilet is a simple way to reduce your water usage every dayâ€"it displaces water in the tank, allowing you to use up to half a gallon less per flush.”Slow food.Aside from what you eat, changing how you eat can be an important step.“Sitting in the drive-thru at your favorite restaurant or coffee shop may be convenient, but it burns gas that turns into harmful air pollution,” advised Otjen. “That air pollution ultimately ends up in the ocean, exposing sea otters, dolphins, and other animals to deadly toxins. Instead, go inside to place your or derâ€"you can burn more calories that way, too.”And of course the more you can eat at home, the better.“Learning to cook can be hard, but if you take advantage of meal prepping, you’ll be able to stretch your money even further and cut down on food waste,” suggested Peterson. “Leftovers make great lunches for work!“Gardening and growing your own food is a great hobby that will save you money over time. This one obviously takes some time for the payoff, but you can grow your own plants in your backyard or in pots, they don’t require too much time and homegrown food always seems to taste better.”Let’s all work together to save the planet! And if you can save some money while you’re doing it, all the better! To learn more about ways you can save money, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Save Money on Plane Tickets and Air TravelThe Broke Person’s Guide to Spring Cleaning50 Places That Will Give You Free Stuff on Your Birthday5 Great Tips to Save Money on Your Wifi BillDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsSiavash Ghazvinian studied International Development and Globalization with a specialization in Behavioural Economics at the University of Ottawa. During his studies, he started a non-profit, which inspired him to start his own business. He cofounded EthicalTree (@ethicaltree), an online directory with thousands of restaurants, cafés, shops, and other businesses that sell products or services based on the ethical preferences that matter to their patrons; including Veg-Friendly, Fair Trade, Organic, or Woman-Owned businesses.Eric Otjen is part of the  Seaworld San Diego Rescue Team  (@SeaWorld). For 26 years, he’s helped serve as a line of defense for local wildlife facing man-made and environmental threats. Today, Eric’s job is focused on transporting rescued animals, moving them safely across countr ies and oceans. He takes on the role as planner, health monitor, and delivery supervisor, figuring out the logistics of the transport and accompanying the animals on the flight.Holly Peterson is the owner of  Elite Retirement Strategies in Twin Falls, Idaho.

Biography of Atahualpa, Last King of the Inca

Atahualpa was the last of the native lords of the mighty Inca Empire, which spanned parts of present-day Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Colombia. He had just defeated his brother Huascar in a violent civil war when Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro arrived in the Andes mountains. The unlucky Atahualpa was quickly captured by the Spanish and held for ransom. Although his ransom was paid, the Spanish killed him anyway, clearing the way for the plunder of the Andes. Fast Fact: Atahualpa Known For: Last indigenous king of the Incan EmpireAlso Known As:  Atahuallpa, Atawallpa, and Ata WallpaBorn: c. 1500 in CuzcoParents: Wayna Qhapaq; mother believed to be either Tocto Ocllo Coca,Paccha Duchicela, or Tà ºpac PallaDied: July 15, 1533 in CajamarcaNotable Quote: Your emperor may be a great prince; I do not doubt it, seeing that he has sent his subjects so far across the waters; and I am willing to treat him as a brother. As for your pope of whom you speak, he must be mad to speak of giving away countries that do not belong to him. As for my faith, I will not change it. Your own God, as you tell me, was put to death by the very men He created. But my God still looks down on His children. Early Life In the Incan Empire, the word â€Å"Inca† meant â€Å"king† and generally only referred to one man: the ruler of the Empire. Atahualpa was one of many sons of Inca Huayna Capac, an efficient and ambitious ruler. The Incas could only marry their sisters: no one else was deemed noble enough. They had many concubines, however, and their offspring (Atahualpa included) were considered eligible for rule. Rulership of the Inca did not necessarily pass to the eldest son first, as was the European tradition. Any one of Huayna Capac’s sons would be acceptable. Often, civil wars broke out between brothers for succession. Huayna Capac died in 1526 or 1527, possibly of a European infection such as smallpox. His heir apparent Ninan Cuyuchi died as well. The Empire immediately split, as Atahualpa ruled the northern part from Quito and his brother Huascar ruled the southern part from Cuzco. A bitter civil war ensued and raged until Huascar was captured by Atahualpa’s forces in 1532. Although Huascar had been captured, regional mistrust was still high and the population was clearly divided. Neither faction knew that a far greater menace was approaching from the coast. The Spanish Francisco Pizarro was a seasoned campaigner who had been inspired by Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s audacious (and lucrative) conquest of Mexico. In 1532, with a troop of 160 Spaniards, Pizarro set off along the western coast of South America in search of a similar empire to conquer and plunder. The troop included four of Pizarros brothers. Diego de Almagro was also involved  and would arrive with reinforcements after Atahualpas capture. The Spanish had an enormous advantage over the Andeans with their horses, armor, and weapons. They had some interpreters that had been previously captured from a trading vessel. Capture of Atahualpa The Spanish were immensely fortunate in that Atahualpa happened to be at Cajamarca, one of the closest major cities to the coast where they had disembarked. Atahualpa had just received word that Huascar had been captured and was celebrating with one of his armies. He had heard of the foreigners coming and felt that he had little to fear from fewer than 200 strangers. The Spanish hid their horsemen in the buildings around the main square at Cajamarca, and when the Inca arrived to converse with Pizarro, they rode out, slaughtering hundreds and capturing Atahualpa. No Spanish were killed. Ransom With Atahualpa held captive, the Empire was paralyzed. Atahualpa had excellent generals, but none dared try to free him. Atahualpa was very intelligent and soon learned of the Spanish love for gold and silver. He offered to fill a large room half full with gold  and full twice over with silver for his release. The Spanish quickly agreed and the gold began flowing in from all corners of the Andes. Most of it was in the form of priceless art and it was all melted down, resulting in an incalculable cultural loss. Some of the greedy conquistadors took to breaking up golden items so that the room would take longer to fill. Personal Life Before the arrival of the Spanish, Atahualpa had proven to be ruthless in his ascent to power. He ordered the death of his brother Huascar and several other family members who blocked his way to the throne. The Spanish who were Atahualpa’s captors for several months found him to be brave, intelligent, and witty. He accepted his imprisonment stoically and continued to rule his people while captive. He had small children in Quito by some of his concubines, and he was evidently quite attached to them. When the Spanish decided to execute Atahualpa, some were reluctant to do so because they had grown fond of him. Atahualpa and the Spanish Although Atahualpa may have been friendly with some individual Spaniards such as Francisco Pizarro’s brother Hernando, he wanted them out of his kingdom. He told his people not to attempt a rescue, believing that the Spanish would leave once they had received their ransom. As for the Spanish, they knew their prisoner was the only thing keeping one of Atahualpa’s armies from crashing down on them. Atahualpa had three important generals, each of whom commanded an army: Chalcuchima in Jauja, Quisquis in Cuzco, and Rumià ±ahui in Quito. Death General Chalcuchima allowed himself to be lured to Cajamarca and captured, but the other two remained threats to Pizarro and his men. In July 1533, they began hearing rumors that Rumià ±ahui was approaching with a mighty army, summoned by the captive Emperor to wipe out the intruders. Pizarro and his men panicked. Accusing Atahualpa of treachery they sentenced him to burn at the stake, although he was eventually garrotted. Atahualpa died on July 26, 1533, in Cajamarca. Rumià ±ahuis army never came: the rumors had been false. Legacy With Atahualpa dead, the Spanish quickly elevated his brother Tupac Huallpa to the throne. Although Tupac Huallpa soon died of smallpox, he was one of a string of puppet Incas who allowed the Spanish to control the nation. When Atahualpa’s nephew Tà ºpac Amaru was killed in 1572, the royal Inca line died with him, ending forever any hope for native rule in the Andes. The successful conquest of the Inca Empire by the Spanish was largely due to unbelievable luck and several key mistakes by the Andeans. Had the Spanish arrived a year or two later, the ambitious Atahualpa would have consolidated his power and may have taken the threat of the Spanish more seriously and not allowed himself to be captured so easily. The residual hatred by the people of Cuzco for Atahualpa after the civil war certainly played a part in his downfall as well. After Atahualpa’s death, some people back in Spain began asking uncomfortable questions about whether Pizarro had the right to invade Peru and capture Atahualpa, considering Atahualpa had never harmed him. These questions were eventually solved by declaring that Atahualpa, who was younger than his brother Huà ¡scar with whom he had been warring, had usurped the throne. Therefore, it was reasoned, he was fair game. This argument was very weak—the Inca did not care who was older, any son of Huayna Capac could have been king—but it sufficed. By 1572, there was a complete smear campaign in place against Atahualpa, who was called a cruel tyrant and worse. The Spanish, it was argued, had â€Å"saved† the Andean people from this â€Å"demon.† Atahualpa today is seen as a tragic figure, a victim of Spanish ruthlessness and duplicity. This is an accurate assessment of his life. The Spanish not only brought horses and guns to the fight, but they also brought insatiable greed and violence that were just as instrumental in their conquest. He is still remembered in parts of his old Empire, particularly in Quito, where you can take in a soccer game at the Atahualpa Olympic Stadium. Sources Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.

A Short Story - 1042 Words

After another long and adventurous week in Dubai, the couple finally returned home to Trost and spent the next couple of days unwinding and unpacking. By Monday, things had returned to normal and, as usual, Levi got up early to get ready to work. It was around noon when Eren finally awoke from of his deep sleep, feel much more energized than he had the past couple of days. He stumbled out of bed and, after using the bathroom, headed downstairs to get some food. He found a covered plate of French toast sitting in the fridge with a cute little note on top of the saran wrap. (-- removed HTML --) Im sorry for not waking you, baby, but you looked awfully tired. However, I did save some breakfast for you. All you have to do is heat it up.†¦show more content†¦However, he knew Mikasa would never prank him with something so serious. ~ When Levi came home from work, he found Eren kneeling on the floor and sobbing like he was dying, which instantly had the ravenette worried. He dropped his stuff on the floor and rushed over to the crying brunette, checking him over for any injuries. However, he couldnt find anything physically wrong with his boyfriend, which only left him more confused. Eren, whats wrong, baby? J-Jean is dead. He flung himself into Levis arms and sobbed into the ravenettes shirt, feeling only slightly better when he felt those strong arms wrap firmly around his waist. What.....what are you talking about? He still wasnt quite sure what Eren was talking about and was wondering if the brunette had been drinking. Mikasa c-called while we were away and s-said Jean was found dead. Levi scooped Eren up off the hard floor and carried him into the living room, carefully placing him on the couch. Leaving to stand in the doorway, the raven pulled out his phone and dialed the first person he could think of. Hello, Carla? Listen, Eren wont stop crying. He said something about Jean being dead. Do you know anything about that? Judging by the tired sigh she let out, Levi guessed that she knew quite a bit about what happened. Four days ago, Jeans jeep was found submerged in Trost river. The coroner said that he had been extremely intoxicated and had to have driven off the bridge. Oh shit. Levi didntShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Sexual Harrasment Free Essays

Sexual Harassment Topic: Human Resource Management/Sexual Harassment Characters: Paula, Management trainee in the Production Department of a medium-sized company Steve, Vice President of Production and Paula’s Manager Richard, Paula’s coworker and a Manager in Production Paula, a recent college graduate, is a newly hired manager in the Production Department of a medium-sized US Company. The first woman selected for this production training position, Paula takes her work very seriously. She has been with the organization for three months. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Harrasment or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the first two months, she performed her duties very well, but during the last month, Steve, her boss, has noticed a change in Paula. She seems more tense and uneasy and is to not concentrating on her work as conscientiously as she previously did During the last month, Paula has been continually harassed by Richard, a coworker. At first she tried ignoring his jokes and sexual banter. However, his persistence has caused Paula have very uncomfortable feelings while she is at work and at home as well. Paula looked into the employee’s handbook concerning sexual harassment policies and found none. She really did not know what to do. Finally, after noticing her continually declining work, Steve asked her what was bothering her. She told him the problem and showed him information concerning the EEOC laws dealing with sexual harassment in the workplace she had found in a human resources textbook from college. She also said that she was considering taking action against Richard if his actions continued. Steve told her he was totally unaware of the problem but agreed something should be done. He asked her to investigate what the organization needed to do to stop this from occurring now and also to anyone else in the future. He also thanked Paula for her patience and honesty and also promised her that something would be done. What Are the Ethical Issues? 1. What is sexual harassment, and why is it prohibited? 2. What obligations does a company have to deal with sexual harassment issues? Does an organization have an obligation to establish written policies on sexual harassment? 3. What obligations does a manager have to deal with accusations or established incidents of sexual harassment among his subordinates? How should such incidents be handled? 4. What should be done with individuals who are accused of sexual harassment? What would be appropriate penalties for individuals found to have been involved in sexual harassment of others? 5. What obligation does a company and its managers have towards the victims of sexual harassment? What Actions Should Be Taken? 1. What actions should Paula take? 2. Should Steve address this current problem before he asks Paula to draft a harassment policy for the organization? 3. Is Paula the best choice to develop this document? 4. Should Richard be fired? Punished? 5. What are the choices Steve can take, and which would you choose? Why? 6. What ethical theories make the most sense (utilitarian, rights, justice) concerning this case? 7. What actions should Steve take? How to cite Sexual Harrasment, Papers

Remedies of contract breach free essay sample

Howcan Pte Ltd then gets SureCan Pte Ltd to transport perishable goods from China to Singapore. The ship is supposed to transit via Vietnam. The goods are shipped out of China, but due to improper planning on the part of SureCan Pte Ltd, they are wrongly dispatched in Vietnam and further, SureCan Pte Ltd has not bothered to remedy the situation. Howcan Pte Ltd managed to trace the goods, but by that time, the goods have already gone bad. Howcan Pte Ltd is thinking of writing off its losses instead of suing SureCan Pte Ltd as the latter is in liquidation. However meanwhile, the liquidator of SureCan Pte Ltd wants payment for shipping the goods from China to Vietnam. (a) Is SureCan Ltd entitled to any payment? According to the general rule, one cannot seek payment from the other party if he has not completely performed his obligations, so the contract was not discharged by performance. In the case of Ocean Projects Inc v Ultatech Pte Ltd (1994), the defendants were engaged to transport the goods from Houston to Dumai by ship. They loaded the goods from Houston but, due to some reason, unloaded them in Singapore without going to Dumai. Since they did not complete the voyage, the court held that the defendants were not entitled to any payment for shipping the goods from Houston to Singapore. The same rationale applies in this case as well. Payment is conditional only upon complete performance. SureCan did not complete the contract and wrongly dispatched in Vietnam instead of Singapor. Therefore, in this case, SureCan is not entitled to any payment because it did not completely perform its obligation of shipping the goods from China to Singapore. However, there are four exceptions to this general rule. If SureCan has fulfilled any one of the exceptions, it may nevertheless be entitled to some payment. The first exception is substantial performance. If there is no complete performance, but there is substantial performance, the party performing may nonetheless be able to claim the contract price, less the cost of making good any omissions or defects in execution. As stated in the contract, SureCan needed to ship the perishable goods in proper condition from China to Singapore, by transit via Vietnam. Since the goods were shipped from China to Vietnam but were wrongly dispatched in Vietnam, there was no substantial performance as the goods did not reach its supposed final destination which is Singapore. Hence, Sure Can is not entitled to any payments under substantial performance. The second exception is divisible contracts. Certain contracts may be divisible into stages, and after each stage is completed, the party performing will be entitled to payment. However, from a legal standpoint, there is no mention of any divisions within the contract in the question. Furthermore, delivery job is normally regarded as an entire obligation. It is very hard to divide it into different stages since the goods have to reach the buyer’s hand eventually for the credit of full performance. The customary practice for payment of shipping goods by sea is to make the full payment only after the contract is fully performed. Therefore, SureCan cannot seek payment by divisible contract. The third exception is prevented performance. If SureCan has begun performing his obligations, but has been prevented by the HowCan from continuing, SureCan who has performed part of the contract may nonetheless be entitled to payment on a quantum meruit basis, that is, payment based on the value of services rendered. In this case, there is no prevented performance, since HowCan did not prevent SureCan from completing its contractual duties in any way. The failure to transport the goods to its destinated location was solely due to SureCan’s lack of proper planning and irresponsibility as it did not bothered to remedy the solution. As such, SureCan is not able to receive payments on the basis of prevented performance. The fourth exception is acceptance of partial performance. If SureCan has not completely performed his obligations and HowCan, by words or actions, shows that he accepts the incomplete performance, SureCan who has not completely performed the contract may nonetheless be able to claim on a quantum meruit basis. In this case, if HowCan who traced the dispatch in Vietnam and foresees the inability to deliver the goods in time didn’t take any measure against SureCan, HowCan may show acceptance of partial performance. However, HowCan will not accept the goods at all as the goods have already gone bad and cannot be used anymore. As such, SureCan cannot receive payments by acceptance of partial performance. Furthermore, the delivery of goods from China to Singapore can be considered to be a condition, with which it should be delivered to HowCan in the same condition as when SureCan had received it from Panda. In this sense, SureCan has breached a condition which leads to a fundamental breach of contract. Also, the failure of SureCan in delivering the perishable goods to Singapore on time has caused the goods to go bad, rendering the goods to lose their commercial values. Therefore, the consequence of breach is very serious as Howcan is deprived of the substantial benefits of the contract. In light of these, HowCan the innocent party, is thus able to terminate the contract, rendering SureCan no payment at all. (b) From a business / practical point of view, how could HowCan Pte Ltd have protected itself? Firstly, the contract should explicitly state the terms of each party’s obligations and penalties if either one fails their responsibilities. In this case, HowCan Pte Ltd should expressly state a term that SureCan Pte Ltd will be entitled to payment only if there is complete delivery from China to Singapore, and the goods are delivered on time and in proper condition. If the delivery is not complete or the goods have perished due to improper planning or negligence, penalties will be incurred and no payment will be entitled to SureCan. Secondly, HowCan can purchase a Trade or Cargo Insurance Policy which will provide coverage against loss or damage of goods caused in shipping transit. For example, the Marine Cargo Insurance offered by Tokio Marine Cargo Insurance provides indemnity and financial protection for loss of or damage to cargo during transit. It covers the mode of transport by Sea, Air, Rail and Land, and is designed to indemnify the insured party against any physical damage or loss that occurs during transportation. Under this insurance, HowCan will thus be capable of reducing or removing its financial burden that accompanies such potential damages and losses. Thirdly, HowCan should make the habit of consistently tracing and monitoring the goods in delivery. This will ensure proper delivery process, and also allows it to initiate timely remedies should anything goes wrong. Forthly, HowCan Pte Ltd should always do a check on SureCan’s reputation, delivery ability and financial status before getting into a contract with SureCan to ship their goods. Since SureCan was already in liquidation, it is a sign that perhaps indicates SureCan’s incapability to fully complete the contract. Hence, by checking SureCan’s track records beforehand, HowCan can minimise the risk of its goods being damaged in the voyage, and also avoid the situation where SureCan may not be able to recover the losses due to the fact that it is in liquidation.(c)What if the contract required shipment to HowCan Pte Ltd’s warehouse in Singapore, but the goods were left in the port upon arrival in Singapore and HowCan Pte Ltd then manages to get the goods to the warehouse within time at its own cost? In this case, even though the contract requires the shipping from China to HowCan’s warehouse in Singapore, it can be argued that SureCan has carried out substan tial performance of the contract as the goods have already been successfully delivered to Singapore. The only thing left undone was to transit the goods to the warehouse, which could be reasonably and easily done on HowCan’s part. Furthermore, HowCan’s action of delivering the goods itself from port to its warehouse also indicates that it accepted SureCan’s partial performance. Therefore, SureCan will receive the payment on a quantum meruit basis, which is the full payment of the contract minus the costs incurred by transiting the goods from port to the warehouse. In addition, if it was a divisible contract which expressly stated that SureCan is able to get part of the payment after completion of one stage which is to ship the goods to the Singapore port, SureCan will be entitled to that portion of the stipulated payment. However,Surecan might not able to entitle any payment under the following two situations. Firstly, if the contract expressly contained a term which stated that â€Å"only complete delivery from China to HowCan’s Singapore warehouse will entitle SureCan the full payment†, SureCan will thus not receive any payment since it has not fulfilled this term. Secondly, if Howcan has no choice but to accept the incomplete performance ,the acceptance of partial performance will not be valid. since the goods are perishable ,if Howcan did not get the goods from the port by themselves within time , the goods will be expired. late delivery will influence its quality and thus losses may occur if Howcan was going to re-sell the goods to other suppliers. Howcan could not reasonably be expected to leave them in the port and let it spoiled. Hence, there would be no acceptance of partial performance since Howcan accepted it under no choice situation. Therefore, Surecan is not entitled to any payment. Question 2 Bambang an Indonesian company entered into a contract on the 1 September to sell and ship goods to Mirlyon, a Singaporean company. The contract provides that the goods are to be shipped from Indonesia by 10 September. Bambang is intending to use Port Jarpadee which is near its warehouse. However, there are strikes in Port Japardee throughout September making it impossible to send the goods from there. Assuming Singapore law governs the contract, (a) Will Bambang be in breach of contract if it does not ship the goods as a result of this? In this case, the questions lies in whether the contract is terminated by frustration or by breach of contract. The issue here is whether termination by frustration applies in this case. Frustration is the happening of an unexpected event beyond the control of the parties, after the making of the contract but before the completion of the contract, which makes further performance of the contract either illegal, impossible or radically different from what was originally envisaged by the parties. In this case, the unexpected event which was the strike in Port Japardee occurred after the making of the contract, since the contract was signed on the first day of September while the strikes were said to happen throughout the month of September. The strikes were also beyond the control of the parties since both parties are unable to take any action to stop the strike. There is no illegality in this case regarding the contract between Bambang and Mirlyon. Thus, the focus of this case will be more centered around the other two factors. Firstly, impossibility can relate to the subject matter of the contract being destroyed before the completion of the contract. Bambang entered into a contract on the 1st September and there were strikes in Post Japardee after Bambang has entered the contract. Since the strikes would be throughout September, making Bambang impossible to send the goods from Port Jarpadee, the contract could be discharged by frustration and Bambang has not breached the contract. However, the contract did not state that Bambang has to ship the goods from Port Japardee. The only conditions provided were for the goods to reach Mirlyon’s warehouse by September 10. The reason that Bambang wants to ship the goods from Port Japardee is that it is near its warehouse and hence it will help them to minimize the costs. Shipping from Port Jarpadee is not mandatory. As such, even if there were strikes taking place in Doom airport, Bambang could still have used another airport to send the goods to Singapore before the deadline. As seen from the case of Tsakiroglou v Noblee (1962), the court held that the contract was not discharged by frustration as there were still alternative routes the plaintiff could have used. Thus in this case, the contract cannot be terminated by being radically different from What was originally envisaged by the parties. Even though it might be more expensive for Bambang to use another method of transportation to ship the goods to Singapore, if Bambang had chosen not to do so, it will amount to a breach of contract. Unless otherwise, the cost increase are so extreme as to be astronomical, which makes the contract radically different from what was originally envisaged by the parties, the contract could then be terminated by frustration and Bambang will not have breached the contract. On the other hand, if the frustration is self-induced, the party at fault cannot plead frustration to get out of the contract. For example, if the parties could have reasonably foreseen that a particular event would occur and nonetheless decided to go ahead with the contract, it is unlikely that the doctrine of frustration would apply. In the case, the strikes in Port Japardee throughout September made Bambang impossible to send the goods from there. However, Bambang may have foreseen the strikes since there would have some rumors and signs of strikes before they happen. Bambang may have fully aware of those rumors that there could be a possibility that it could not send the goods from Port Japardee, but it has still decided to go ahead with the contract. Therefore, if this is the case, the contract is not frustrated and Bambang will be breaching the contract if it does not ship the goods. In conclusion, if the Courts eventually rules that Bambang is in breach of the contract, Mirlyon would be able to sue Bambang for the breach and claim for the damages. What if there was a force majeure clause in the contract which stated: (i) The contract would be suspended if there were strikes, riots or civil disturbances which make it impossible to ship the goods out of Port Japardee and (ii) Such a suspension would be for a period of 8 weeks. If the strikes, riots or civil disturbances cleared up before the end of the 8 weeks, the time for the performance of the contract would be extended. Otherwise the contract would be discharged. A force majeure clause relieves people of liability of unexpected events in the contact. They can provide a period of suspension (instead of immediate termination under the doctrine of frustration). It allows the parties to wait and see before making a decision. If there was a force majeure clause which narrowed down what amounts to frustration discussed in part (a), the question lies in whether the clause is applicable in the situation. The clause states that strikes, riots and civil disturbance will suspend the contract, and strikes can be deemed as supervening events which arise without the fault of both parties. So the clause can apply in this situation. The clause sets a time frame of 8 weeks for the suspension. If the strike ends within 8 weeks, then Bambang is responsible to ship the goods before the new deadline they agreed upon, otherwise Bambang will be liable of failure to fulfil its obligation. If the strike ends beyond 8 weeks, then the contract can be discharged, and both parties will be dismissed from their obligations. Since Port Jarpadee now becomes the exclusive port to ship the goods, the contract will be suspended if there were strikes in the port. From the information given in the case, the strikes did happen in the Port Jarpadee which makes Bambang impossible to send the goods from there, so the contract will be suspended due to the force majeure clause. If the strikes end by September, the time for the performance of the contract will be extended after the strikes are cleared. Thus if Bambang does not ship the goods at the beginning of October, he is considered to have breached the contract. Question 3 Able Pte Ltd, a company involved in renovation agrees to renovate Mr Oh Noh’s house. But after the hacking had started, the company realizes there is no way it can finish on time, as it has over committed itself by doing many other renovations in many other places at the same time. It is also short of workers. So Able Pte Ltd completely stops renovating Mr Oh Noh’s house as it is the least profitable project of the lot. (a) Is the company excused by reason of frustration if it does not perform the contract? In this case, whether or not there is frustration depends on both the foreseeability of overcommitment the shortage of workers and whether or not the frustration was self-induced by Able. If Able could have reasonably foreseen that a particular event would occur and nonetheless decided to go ahead with the contract, the doctrine of frustration would not apply, since it is not considered as a happening of an unexpected event even though it is subsequent to the making of contract. In the case of Housing and Development Board v Microform Precision Industries Pte Ltd (2003), the court held that the inability of the defendant to secure an adequate supply of workers to meet its renovation commitments â€Å"cannot by any count be regarded as an unforeseen contingency†. Assuming Able is a company with much industry experience, it should have knew beforehand that it would not be capable of committing to so many renovation projects at the same time, and that there would be shortage of labours. As such, despite knowing this fact and Able still decided to sign the contract with Mr Oh Noh, Able will most likely not be excused by frustration based on the above reasoning. Secondly, if the frustrated event has been brought about due to the conduct of one of the parties, frustration would be self-induced and hence frustration cannot be successfully raised. In the case of J Lauritzen AS v Wijsmuller Bv ,The Super Servant Two (1990), the court held that the defendant’s inability to fulfill his contractual obligations was self-induced by his own decision since they could have assigned super servant one to this contract but decided not to do so. Able should not push its limitations by taking too many projects at the same time. It also had a choice to do Mr oh Noh’s renocation first instead of doing others. Hence, the contract is not discharged by frustration. In addition, according to Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham UDC (1956), labour shortages do not make the contract radically different from what was originally envisaged and thus the contract will not be considered as frustrated. In the case above, the contractors argued that the contract was frustrated by labour shortages but the court held that the contract was not frustrated. Hence, the company cannot be excused by the reason of frustration if it does not perform the contract. As such, it is unlikely for Able Pte Ltd to be excused by reason of frustration due to the foreseeability in the lack of manpower and time. If 2 months have passed and no further work has been done, despite Mr Oh Noh’s repeated calls – what are Mr Oh Noh’s rights? Mr Oh Noh has the rights to act according to the actions exhibited by Able. Repudiation occurs when one party by words or conduct shows to the other that he no longer intends to continue performing his obligations or be bound by the contract. Repudiation may be actual or anticipatory. It is actual when the date for performance is due, and anticipatory when the date for performance is yet to be due. If 2 months have passed and no further work has been done, despite Mr oh Noh’s repeated calls, it would indicate that Able showed an intention not to perform his obligations. In this case, Able conduct of ignoring Mr Oh Noh’s repeated calls and refusing to start the project for two months can be considered as repudiation as it would seem that Able Pte Ltd no longer intends to go ahead or be bound by the renovation contract. Assuming that the deadline for completion is not yet due by the end of the two months, Able Pte Ltd would be in breach of anticipatory repudiation. However, it can be argued that if the renovation work is due after 2 months, the fact that Able Pte Ltd completely stopped renovating Mr Oh Noh’s house and did not reply to Mr Oh Noh’s repeated calls did not clearly convey to Mr Oh No that Able did not want fulfil the contract. Thus, there is no anticipatory breach by Able. There needs to be a clear notice from Able Pte Ltd to Mr Oh Noh that explicitly states that it no longer want to carry on with the contract before Mr Oh Noh can sue Able for anticipatory breach. Thus, he needs to wait for the date of performance to be due before he can sue Able for actual repudiatory breach and claim for any losses and damages. It should be noted that Mr Oh Noh can also choose to not to terminate the contract. It is not compulsory for the innocent party to terminate the contract. Mr Oh Noh has a choice. He can either terminate the contract or decide to keep the contract alive and affirms it. After the affirmation, Mr oh Noh is still able to sue Able company later for damages or losses incurred in the two month unless he waived his right to do so. However, Mr Oh Noh has to aware that if he decided to keep the contract alive , then it is kept alive with all the enduring consequences. For example, if the contract is terminated by frustration like his house being burnt down accidentally in the later of time , Able company would not be liable for breaching the contract or any damages incurred anymore. (c) Is the company entitled to any payment for the hacking? Since Able Pte Ltd has not completely performed its obligations under the contract, the general rule applies that the company cannot seek any payment from Mr Oh Norh or the hacking. However, there are a few exceptions. The first exception is substantial performance. To be able to claim substantial performance, there has to be a fulfilment of the obligations agreed to in a contract, with only slight variances from the exact terms and/or unimportant omissions or minor defects. In this case, the contract states that Able Pte Ltd is obliged to renovate Mr Oh Noe’s house. While only hacking was performed by Able. The obligation to renovate Mr Oh Noh’s house is not fulfilled and thus there is no substantial performance. The second exception is divisible contract. A divisible contract is one where the promises are independent of each other. Each promise can therefore be performed separately and payment can be claimed for the completed parts. If the contract between Mr Oh Noh and Able is divided into stages, and hacking is deemed as one stage, then the payment of hacking accordingly will be entitle to the company. However, more often the contract is not divisible since renovation is a whole process. If it is divisible, then the company may abuse to just perform certain stages of the contract and receive payment accordingly. It will be hard for Mr Oh Noh to find another company to Continue with the renovation work. Hence, with an indivisible contract, Able cannot be entitled with the payment. The third exception is prevented performance. If one party prevents the other from completing the performance of the contract, then the other party can claim on quantum meruit for the value of the work completed. This exception is not applicable here as Mr Oh Noh does nothing to prevent Able but to ask for renovation work. It is Able itself stops working. Hence payment cannot be entitled in this case. The fourth exception is acceptance of partial performance. If one party has not completely performed his obligations, and the other party intimates that he accepts the incomplete performance, the performing party may be able to claim on a quantum meruit basis. In this case, Mr Oh Noh has no choice but to accept the incomplete performance as he cannot ‘undo’ the hacking done already or leave his house in its partially renovated state. Hence, there is no intimated acceptance by Mr Oh Noh. Hence, Able Pte Ltd will not be entitled to payment for the hacking done. Group A8 Group memebers: 1. Article for Discussion http://china15min. com/2013/07/10/camachos-china-story/ (Focus is on the section under â€Å"Camacho’s defeat† and â€Å"Secrets around the Contract†) 2. Legal focus of Discussion Termination of contract 3. Summary of Case Jose Antonio Camacho is a spaniard football coach hired by the Chinese Football Association (CFA) back in August 2011, with the intention of improving the performance of the National China Football Team for a contract period of 3 years. However, while Camacho fulfilled his role as a coach for 22 months, he oversaw an embarrassing 5-1 defeat at the hands of Thailand in June 2013, in addition to the fact that China had failed to qualify for 2014s World Cup. As a result, the CFA had decided to terminate their contract with Camacho at the 1. 5years, on the basis that Camacho had not made significant improvements to the performance of the National China Football Team. Chinese reports claimed that Camacho expected CFA to pay the express compensation amount as stated in the original contract, which was equivalent to 18 months of his salary, along with his hefty Chinese income tax bill (which was an ambiguous term since it was not stated clearly in the contract whether the compensation would be the after- or before-tax payment). The Beijing Times newspaper quoted that the association has only offered to pay the compensation amount, and refused to pick up his tax bill that amounts to almost $4 million. Eventually, the case was brought to FIFA and the Court of Arbitration for Sport for settlement, and the Court held that CFA was liable to pay Camacho the compensation amount along with his income tax bill. 4. Analysis of the Case Discharge by Performance To discharge a contract by performance, both parties to the contract have to undertake to do something and once that thing is done completely, the contract comes to an end by performance. In this case, the parties to the contract are CFA and Camacho. Camacho has been hired by the CFA in 2011 under a three-year contract, and CFA has agreed to pay after-tax annual salary of 2. 8 million Euros to Camacho in exchange for seeing improvements in the performance of the China National Football Team. However, the contract did not come to an end by performance since it has only been partially performed for 1. 5 years, until CFA gave Camacho notice to dismiss him of his position, instead of being fully performed for 3 years. Discharge by frustration To discharge by frustration, there has to be the happening of an unexpected event beyond the control of the parties, after the making of the contract but before the completion of the contract, which makes further performance of the contract illegal, impossible or radically different from what was originally envisaged by the parties. Termination by frustration will not be applicable in this case since there had been no unexpected events beyond the control of the parties from the facts given. Camacho has some control over the performance of the team as he played a significant role in leading and coaching the team. Failing to obtain improvements would not be an unexpected event since he could have reasonably foreseen the failure while he was leading the team for the past 1. 5 years. Discharge by Fundamental Breach Fundamental breach occurs when one party without expressly or implicitly repudiating the contract, commits a fundamental breach of the contract, such as a breach of condition. Through two years efforts, remarkable and positive change should be achieved on the style and tactics of China’s national team† Term of contract CFA tried to terminate the contract since it believed that there was a fundamental breach of term by Camacho due to a lack of considerable improvement of the Chinese National Football Team. The improvement of the football team is a fundamental term deemed as a condition to the China National Football Team since the main intention of CFA to go into the contract with Camacho was to improve the performance of China National Football Team. However, Camacho did not bring positive changes to the team and lead the team towards a better performance. From the facts given, the national team dropped from 73th to a record low of 109th in the FIFA rankings March 2013 under Camacho, and also failed to qualify China for next years World Cup. From the perspective of CFA, Camacho has breached the condition of the contract, thus CFA intended to discharge the contract due to a fundamental breach of condition by Camacho. However, from the perspective of Camacho, the argument held by CFA would not be sufficient to terminate a contract. Firstly, CFA cannot prove that Camacho has breached the term as there were no specific indicators of performance provided. The contract did not have an express quantifiable term that stated what exactly amounts to â€Å"remarkable and positive change†. The fact that there was a drop in ranking does not imply that there is no positive change brought by Camacho to the team, since this may have been resulted from the fast improvement of football teams from other countries relative to China National Football Team. Secondly, the contract clearly stated that Camacho had to bring positive changes to the team within the time frame of two years. When CFA made a unilateral decision to terminate the contract after 1.5 years, they failed to recognize the fact that there was still 6 months available for Camacho to produce satisfactory results. Since there is ambiguity in the term and CFA was unable to prove Camacho’s breach of condition, the contract cannot be terminated by a fundamental breach. Discharge by agreement â€Å"If CFA terminates the contract with Camacho, CFA needs to pay Camacho and his t eam a high breach penalty equal to the amount of one and a half years’ salary, which is 6. 45 million Euros in total (equivalent to 51. 5 million RMB), and generates the corresponding taxes of about 25 million RMB. Term of contract Since CFA was unable to discharge the contract by claiming Camacho’s breach of condition, it seek agreement with Camacho by agreeing to pay the compensation amount as stated in the term above. For this agreement to be enforceable, the four elements of a valid contract, namely offer, acceptance, consideration and intention to create legal relations, must be present. CFA’s offer to Camacho to terminate the contract by providing the compensation amount of 1. 5 years’ salary was destroyed by Camacho’s counter-offer that the income tax of the compensation should also be included. The new offer raised by Camacho is that the contract can be terminated by CFA, provided that the compensation amount stated in the term and the income tax is paid to Camacho. CFA accepted the offer and paid Camacho with this amount of money. There is consideration because Camacho received the money he claimed and gets the opportunity to seek his next job, and CFA is able to find another coach to the China National Football Team. Thus both parties get fresh benefits. Since this is a commercial agreement, there is presumption that both parties have the intention to create legal relations and the new contract will be made under seal or deed. Hence, with the four elements present, the new agreement to discharge the contract is valid and enforceable. Therefore, it can be concluded that the contract was discharge by agreement. 5. Implications In this case, the contract signed between CFA and Camacho seemed unfair to CFA. The contract expressly stated the obligations of the CFA, such as the unexpectedly high remuneration as well as the hefty compensation amount, and only vaguely stated Camacho’s responsibility on the contrary. However, it should be noted that the law does not guarantee fairness of the contract. From the business perspective, several improvements could be made to enhance the contract terms. Regarding CFA’s benefits: CFA should explicitly state its expectation to the coach, such as providing a quantifiable range in the world ranking where the Chinese National Football Team has to achieve e. g. to improve to a ranking between 60 and 70. In this way, t

Taming Of the Shrew Essay Example For Students

Taming Of the Shrew Essay The method Petruchio uses to tame his shrew, Katherina, to put it simply, is reverse psychology, along with starving her and not allowing her to sleep until she acts like a proper lady. His strategy is basic, but his plan takes time to bring about results.  During act two scene one, Petruchio outlines his plan to Baptista. He states that he will say the opposite of what Kate does. Say that she rail, why then Ill tell her plain she sings as sweetly as a nightingale. This is called reverse psychology. At the beginning of act three scene two, it is Katherinas appointed wedding day and her father, Baptista, is seen worrying that Petruchio, the groom to be, will not turn up. It is threatening to become very embarrassing for both Katherina and her whole family. Katherine fears she will become a laughing stock. Now must the world point at poor Katherine. Much later, after Katherina has already left, Petruchio arrives. We will write a custom essay on Taming Of the Shrew specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He is dressed in tattered and torn clothes, riding upon a sick horse. He looks more like a poor beggar than a man about to be married. This too is part of Petruchios many step plan to tame the shrew. By turning up late, it threatens to embarrass Katherina on her wedding day in front of all that know her. So, Petruchio changes Katherina from a reluctant bride to one who only wishes for her groom to show up. This is a brilliant move. Petruchio refuses to change his clothes. He uses the excuse that there is no time and that he has been away from his bride too long. But where is Kate? I stay too long from her. In the middle of Act three scene two, Tranio starts to work out Petruchios plan. He hath some meaning in his mad attire.  Petruchio makes a mockery of the wedding ceremony, knocking the bible out of the priests hand when smacking him in the face. He throws wine at one of the clergy and loudly kisses Katherina on the mouth. As soon as the ceremony, if it could be called that, is over he states that although the guests assumed that he would stay for the party, he has to leave. This too is part of his plan to tame Katherine. She is shocked and upset by the news of him leaving before the party and asks if she can entreat him to stay. Let me entreat you. This is very polite and is not the language that a shrew would use. So, the taming process has obviously started to take effect. When her efforts to entreat Petruchio to stay fail, she relies on his love for her to keep him at the party. When this too fails, she returns to her shrewish ways and affirms that she will not leave until she pleases herself. Nay then, do what thou canst, I will not go today, no, nor tomorrow, not till I please myself. Kate goes onto say that the guest shall go forward to the bridal dinner. By this she means that she will join them, but Petruchio takes this very literally and acts as if he is only doing what Katherine wishes. They shall go forward, Kate, at thy command. He assumes that she will be joining him and not their guests. He takes Kate away as if he is protecting her from the guests that may force her to attend her party, even though it is at the party that Kate wishes to be and not with Petruchio. Kate is dumbfounded and cannot say anything, because Petruchio, it seems, is doing this all for her. This too is part of Petruchios plan to tame Katherina. He is reacting and acting in the opposite way to which Katherina would expect him to act. .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d , .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d .postImageUrl , .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d , .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d:hover , .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d:visited , .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d:active { border:0!important; } .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d:active , .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5a5144fe0916fe19b1fde40b415e4c6d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What makes Emily Dickinson EssayWhen speaking to the guests, Petruchio refers to Kate as his possession. She is my goods, my chattels, she is my house, my household stuff my any thing. This gives the idea that Katherina is not a person and cannot think for herself. She is just one of Petruchios possessions.  In the beginning of Act four scene one, Grumio tells Curtis of how Kates horse fell and she fell underneath the horse and was covered in mud. Petruchio, who was there at the time, did nothing to help poor Katherina, but instead beat up Grumio because the horse had stumbled. Katherine went to pull her husband off Grumio. Petruchio swore and Katherine prayed. Perhaps t his might also be part of Petruchios plan. Curtis states that according to what Grumio just told him, Petruchio is more of a shrew than Katherina. By this reckoning he is more shrew than she. Of the pair, one has to be responsible and sensible and since Petruchio is acting so shrewish, Katherina feels that she has to be the responsible and sensible one. This is part of Petruchios taming process.  At the beginning of Act four scene three, Katherina is complaining to Grumio about the way Petruchio is treating her. The more my wrong, the more his spite appears. What, did he marry me to famish me? I am starved for meat, giddy for lack of sleep. To this, Grumio replies with an offer of meat and when she accepts he decides she should not have it because it is too choleric. Grumio obviously knows Petruchios plan. Katherina becomes fed up with Grumio and his nonsense and sends him away, just as Petruchio and Hortensio enter. Petruchio brings meat for Katherina and she quickly eats it with Hortensio. When they have finished, Petruchio tells Katherine that they should leave to her fathers house and dress in fine clothes. When the tailor comes, he brings with him a cap for Katherina, which she likes but Petruchio does not. Fie, fie, tis lewd and filthy. He asks for a bigger cap but Katherina refuses to have it any bigger saying that it is fashionable. This doth fit the time, and gentlewomen wear such caps as these. She is using proper language and referring to herself as a gentlewoman. Therefore Petruchios plan is working. Yet Petruchio does not believe she is gentle yet. When you are gentle, you shall have one too, and not till then. This is too much for Katherine and she finally speaks her mind, telling Petruchio that she is not a child and that she is angry and if she doesnt anything her heart will break. It goes on and Petruchio pretends he has selective hearing to what Katherine says. She is obviously angry with him yet he pretends to think that she is angry with the tailor and when the tailor corrects him, he scolds at him and calls him names. Thou liest, thou thread, thou thimble, thou flea, thou nit, thou winter-cricket thou!  Petruchio tells Kate that they should go to her fathers house first by horse and when they arrive at a certain point, they shall go on by foot and arrive at the destination by dinner time. Katherina does not want to do as Petruchio asks and Petruchio becomes mad and orders that she do what he says. During Act four scene five, Katherine and Petruchio bicker about whether it is the moon or the sun that shines brightly. I say it is the moon that shines so bright. Hortensio advises Katherina to agree with Petruchio or else they will never leave. So Katherina agrees with Petruchio that it is the moon that shines brightly and Petruchio changes his mind and says that it is the sun that shines brightly, so Katherine agrees to this as well. She does not put up a fight and argue any further with Petruchio and she does not become angry or frustrated with him when he changes his opinion, so perhaps she is tamed, or at least she is showing all the signs of being tamed. .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5 , .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5 .postImageUrl , .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5 , .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5:hover , .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5:visited , .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5:active { border:0!important; } .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5:active , .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5 .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1ed511400e60da819d0373a72b3bdfd5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis of Richard Cory EssayDuring Act Five Scene One, Katherina asks her husbands permission to follow the others and he allows her to on the condition that she kisses him. When she refuses, he asks if she is ashamed of him. What, in the midst of the street? What, art thou ashamed of me? Katherine of course answers no and states that Got forbids it and that she is only ashamed to kiss. So, Petruchio proclaims that they shall return home, so Katherina gives in and agrees to kiss Petruchio. He replies with a combination of two proverbs, Better late than never and It is never too late to mend. Better once than never, for never too late.  At some point near the end of Ac t Five Scene Two, Katherina gives her final speech which is addressed to the audience as well as the husbands, but is mainly directed towards the wives of the husbands.

50 Words with the Most Whimsical Prefix

50 Words with the Most Whimsical Prefix 50 Words with the Most Whimsical Prefix 50 Words with the Most Whimsical Prefix By Mark Nichol The prefix be- has a variety of interesting roles in language: Causation The prefix is affixed to a verb to indicate a causative agent, as in belittle, meaning â€Å"to diminish by criticism or mockery.† Creation Become and begin, and the archaic-sounding beget, are words starting with the prefix that indicate something coming to be; the prefix also appears in words expressing the near opposite, such as behead. Intensification It’s one thing to be dazzled by a luminous object, but a reference to being bedazzled implies a higher order of enchantment. Position Be- indicates relative placement, as in below or between. Its addition to a word transforms nouns and adjectives into verbs, as in besiege and beware (â€Å"be aware†). It also changes intransitive verbs (those that do not take an object) into transitive ones, as with becalm. The simple act of attaching these two letters to an existing word enhances English by providing us with terms that entertain us with their vivid imagery. Here are some more or less obscure be- words and their definitions: becloud: to obscure or muddle bedaub: to excessively ornament or anoint bedazzle: to enchant bedeck: to fancily clothe or decorate bedevil: to annoy bedew: to moisten bedight: to equip or adorn bedim: to obscure, or to reduce light bedizen: to adorn or dress in a tacky manner bedraggle: to drench befit: to be appropriate for befool: to delude or trick begrime: to make dirty begrudge: to give reluctantly beguile: to seduce behoove: to be appropriate bejewel: to adorn with jewelry belabor: to emphasize unnecessarily belaud: to fulsomely praise belay: to stop or hold off from beleaguer: to trouble or bother belie: to falsely imply, to reveal something as false, or to contradict bemire: to expose to or engulf in mud bemock: to ridicule benight: overcome by literal or figurative darkness benumb: to deprive of sensation bepuzzle: to confuse bequeath: to leave an inheritance (the noun form is bequest) bereave: to deprive (one so treated is bereft) beseech: to beg (the past tense is besought) beseem: to be fitting or suitable beset: to attack, harass, or surround besmear: to stain or obscure, or to defame besmirch: see besmear besort: to fit or become (also a noun meaning â€Å"appropriate associate†) besot: to infatuate or muddle besoul: to endow with a soul bespatter: to splash bespeak: to claim, request, address, or identify besprinkle: to scatter or disperse bestir: to rouse bestow: to put to use or in place, or to convey a gift bestrew: see besprinkle betake: to commit, or cause to act bethink: to recall, or to cause to consider betroth: to promise to marry, or to give in marriage bewhisker: to provide with whiskers (or, as bewhiskered, to have whiskers) bewhore: to corrupt sexually, or to characterize as a whore bewig: to place a wig on bewray: to betray Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionCaptain vs. Master

Utilizing the Time Value of Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Utilizing the Time Value of Money - Essay Example But do to some limitations of these tools other tools such as Profitability Index and Payback Period. The payback period determines the duration of the time it would take to recover the investment made initially. This will give us the number of periods it would take to breakeven for the initial investment made. The profitability index is used as well in investment decisions because it measures the value created per dollar invested. So if the PI shows a greater than 1 value, then it means that the investment is returning a greater amount than invested. These two techniques are used because they resolve the disadvantages of NPV and IRR methods. (Helmkamp, 1990) The first disadvantage of a NPV calculation is its dependency on the interest/discount rates. It is very difficult for the investor to know the correct discount rate since they can change though out the life of that investment making considerable differences on the decision. (Investopedia, 2008) Another issue with the discount rate is the differences in the risk factor of the investment. Since the risk can change, therefore the discount rate, this can make lives very hard in calculating NPV. (Investopedia, 2008) Another disadvantage lies in the facts that NPVs are just mathematics calculations that do not take into account the real options available for investment.

Does IT lead to job elimination, or job enhancement Essay

Does IT lead to job elimination, or job enhancement - Essay Example s are assembled or foods processed, through the use of robotic arms and conveyer belts, a job that may have been retrospectively been done by a hundred unskilled workers can be done by just a handful of machine operators. Inevitably, given the sensitive nature of labor issue, machines were not very well received by the workers they stood to replace; even today the interrogation of technology is often condemned by those who view it as a negative force rendering people jobless especially in labor intensive economies. While this is a logically sound argument, it is nevertheless one sided in view of the fact that the relationship between labor and technology is not as simple as that. In as much as technology may result in unemployment in some sectors, it has spawned millions of jobs in in numerous sectors and one can even argue that in the end it creates more jobs than it destroys. In the late 19th century at the height of the industrial revolution, a group of artisans working in the textile industry started a revolution of sorts in Britain against the use of machines in the production of textiles. They were afraid that automation of the process of production would cause them to lose their jobs since less skilled and therefore cheaper employees rendering them redundant could operate the machines. The Luddites as they were known became a significant social and political movement and they engaged in numerous acts of destruction in protest of adaption of machines in their industry (Baggaley, 2010). So much so that it is estimated that British soldiers were at some point involved in fighting the luddites than engaging napoleon. Ultimately, the movement was crashed through a series of trials in which the Luddites were convicted for machine breaking, which had been made a capital crime, and many were executed (Edgerton, 2011).  Today, the term Luddite is used to d escribe someone who is seen as being opposed to or slow to incorporate technology (Baggaley, 2010). Proponents

Affect The Flight Time Of A Balsa Wood Glider Engineering Essay

Affect The Flight Time Of A Balsa Wood Glider Engineering Essay The purpose of the study was to obtain the relation between the flight time and launch height of a balsa glider of different wing area. Also the effect on flight time was recorded by changing the position of wings of the gliders. In the first part of the experiment the gliders were launched from four different height and the flight time was recorded. The experiment was conducted in a closed area in order to avoid the effect of wind. The gliders used were of different size and shape. The net acceleration acting on the gliders was also calculated by plotting a graph between square of flight time and launch height. In the second part of the experiment the wing positions for three different gliders were changed and the flight time was recorded in each of the three gliders. The launch height of the gliders was kept same. It was observed that as the launch height was increased the flight time also increased. The amount of lift could only be analysed by calculating the net acceleration in each of the gliders. The variation in the flight time due to the change in the position of wings was interpreted in terms of the increase in the loops made by the gliders i. e. the instability of the gliders or the moments of wings. Word Count- 221 Table of Contents- Introduction _______________________________________ 4 Theory _______________________________________ 5 Experimental Set up ___________________________________ 9 Method ________________________________________ 10 Result _________________________________________ 12 Conclusion _________________________________________ 22 Limitations ________________________________________ 23 Unresolved Questions _________________________________ 24 Bibliography ______________________________________ 25 Appendix ______________________________________ 26 Introduction: The question about aerodynamics has great importance in todays times and the various factors that affect aerodynamics of an aircraft or a glider is necessary in order to improve the efficiency. By taking up this experiment I have tried to analyse the acting forces on the flight of a glider such as the lift, the drag, and the weight also the theory of projectile motion plays an important role in determining the flight time of a glider. Also keeping in mind the laws of physics that relate to flight and also checking whether they are in accordance with the following experiment. Research Question- How the Wing area and position along with the launch height affect the flight time of a Balsa Wood Glider? The aim of this experiment is to study how the wing area, wing position and the launch height have an impact on the flight time of a balsa glider. In order to establish the above relations balsa gliders of different wing areas were hand launched from different heights and the flight time was recorded. As for the relation with the wing position and flight time they were hand launched as well from a fixed height with different wing positions. Theory The experiment is based on the theory of projectile motion, and fluid mechanics. Projectile Motion- When a body is projected from a certain height with a certain velocity, the acceleration on the body acts only in the downward (along y-axis) direction and the acceleration along the horizontal (x-axis) direction is zero. Since the air resistance also affects the horizontal motion of the body there might be some deceleration, however it is of a very small magnitude hence it can be neglected in the case of my experiment. The same explanation can be taken for the wind; there might be some component of the force (due to wind) which might affect the horizontal motion as well. This is also taken care of in the experiment as it is conducted in closed area. As the initial velocity is in the horizontal direction its vertical component is zero, by taking the vertical motion the flight time of the glider should depend on the height from which it has been launched and the net acceleration in the vertical direction. By varying the height in the experiment the flight time should also vary proportionately. As the height is increased the flight time should also increase. Due to the change in the forces acting on the glider the net acceleration can also change which in turn will affect the flight time. Forces There are three types of forces acting on a glider which are: Weight The weight of the body always acts in the downward direction. The weight of a body dependent on the mass of the glider and gravitational acceleration which can be taken constant for a given space. By Newtons 2nd law of motion, the weight is given by (F = mg) It  is the  force  due to the gravitational attraction of the earth on the  glider. But this force weight, which is the gravitational force, is different from the aerodynamic forces,  lift  and  drag.  The lift and the drag are mechanical forces that will act on the glider only when it is in physical contact with air which generates these forces. The gravitational force or weight is a field force; and is a non-contact force. The gravitational force (weight) between two objects depends on the masses of the two objects and the inverse of the square of the distance between these objects. The more the masses of the objects the stronger is the attraction, and closer the object are the stronger the attraction. Lift Lift is the  force  that acts on a glider upward and helps the glider to stay in the air. The lift on the glider is mainly generated by the wings.  It is an  aerodynamic  force produced by the motion of air flowing through the glider. Lift acts through the  centre of the pressure  of the glider and is in the direction which is normal to the flow of air. Lift occurs when a flow of air is  turned  by the glider. According to Newtons 3rd law of motion the flow of air is turned in one direction, and the lift is generated in the opposite direction. Since air is a  gas  and its molecules are free to move about, any solid can deflect its flow. For an  air foil, both the upper and lower surfaces plays part in turning the flow of air. There can be two types of lift static and dynamic lift. Static lift according to the Archimedes principle whenever a body is immersed in a fluid it experiences an upward force called the buoyant force. The factors on which the buoyant force depends are: The volume of the fluid displaced and; the density of the fluid. If the area of the wings increases the magnitude of the lift should also increase and the net force acting on the glider should also increases which in turn should decrease the net acceleration and hence increase the flight time. Dynamic Lift According to Bernoullis principle; the dynamic lift is due to the difference in pressure on the two sides of the body which is due to the difference in the speed of the air on the two sides of the body. There are various factors that affect lift, these are: Aircraft  wing geometry  has a large effect on the amount of lift generated. The shape and size of the wing will have a significant impact on the amount of lift generated. In order to generate lift there must be some velocity; hence if the object is moved in air then lift will be generated. Lift also depends on the  mass  of the flow.it also depends in a major way on the viscosity and compressibility of air. Viscous force or Drag Viscous force is a mechanical force. The drag, like lift, is also produce by the interaction and contact of a solid body with air. For drag to be produce, the solid body must be in contact with the air. If there is no air, there is no drag. Drag is generated by the difference in the speeds of the solid object and the air. There must be relative motion between the object and the air. If there is no relative motion, there is no drag. Viscous force always opposes the motion, hence it will be opposite to the motion of the glider. The most of the factors affecting drag is same as that affecting the lift. The viscous force can be taken as the aerodynamic friction, and one of the sources of this force is the  skin friction  between the molecules of the air and the solid surface of the glider. Since the skin friction is an interaction between a glider and the air, the magnitude of the skin friction depends on properties of both glider surface and air. The smooth, waxed surface of glider will produces less skin friction than a rough surface. And for the air, the magnitude of skin friction depends on the  viscosity  of the air. The relative magnitude of the viscous forces to the motion of the flow of air is called the  Reynolds number. Also the drag can be taken as the aerodynamic resistance to the motion of the object through the air. This source of drag depends on the shape of the glider and is called  form drag. When air flows around a body, the velocity and  pressure around the glide  are changed. The pressure is a measure of the momentum of the air molecules and a change in momentum results in a  force, a change in pressure will produce a force on the body. This component of the aerodynamic force that is opposed to the motion is the drag. Viscous force directly depends on the  mass  of the air flow going past the glider. Effect of Height on Flight time In this experiment there will be 4 heights taken but the height intervals will not be uniform in order to check the trend and see if there is a clear distinction in readings of flight time. As the height increases the flight time should increase as there is more distance to cover for the glider and since there are no forces acting as mentioned above, it is only the height that acts as a factor to change flight time. Wing area In this experiment the wing area should effect the flight time of the gliders as seen earlier, lift has a direct connection with wing area. As the lift increases the glider goes higher in the air thus increasing the flight time. Every glider has a different wing area and this makes a clear distinction between the flight times for the gliders. Wing position The wing position whether towards the front or back determines the stability of the glider while its flight. The more it is to the front of the socket it tends to do be more unstable and has a very loopy flight which increases the flight time. The further behind the wing is in the socket the more stable the glider is as the weight is more towards the centre of mass, making it more stable and also increasing the flight time however whilst a straight and balanced there are other forces acting on the flight that might pull it down to the ground. Experimental Set up Gliders In the initial stages the glider used were made by hand using a template to cut out the parts of the gliders. However these gliders lacked perfect stability and the edges had to be rubbed and smoothened in order to use make them completely aerodynamic. Even after doing so they lacked perfect specification and the material used to make them was not the right material hence they did not glide as required to. The gliders used in the later stages were bought online from amazon.com. These gliders are laser cut and ready to fly. They are made out of balsa wood. There were 3 types of gliders that were used, the parts of the gliders were precisely cut and well balanced in order to obtain a decent flight. The 3 gliders varied differently in shape, size, and weight and wing area. Area The experiment was conducted in a closed environment. The length of the place was approximately 35meters and width approximately 12meters. The wind factor was controlled as all doors and windows were shut and it was an enclosed area. Method: There were various steps that are involved in this experiment. The glider was first flown in an outdoor environment to check the flight. Since the wind factor cannot be controlled in an outdoor environment it was not possible to conduct the experiment outside as this affects the flight time. Hence an indoor area was chosen. Measuring Wing Area The gliders that will be used which each have different shape, size, and wing area. The first variable wing area cannot be measured by a given formula as it is not a uniform shape and cannot be broken into smaller shapes. The wing area will be measured by keeping the entire wing on a graph sheet whose each square area is known and the outline of the wing shape will be sketched out on the graph sheet. After having done this the number of complete squares of the known area that are enclosed by the outline of the wing will be counted. After this the number of incomplete squares and an approximation will have to be made as it is not feasible to calculate area of a fraction of the square. This will be done for each of the three gliders and will be noted down. In order to make sure that the gliders, glide properly without any hindrance and technical difficulty a test flight will be done. If there seem to be any technical problems with any of the three gliders they shall be fixed at first in order to provide accurate and legit readings. If any parts seem to be broken they will be fixed by the special adhesive which is used to stick balsa wood. Launching and Measuring Flight Time Keeping in mind that there are no holders or launching devices provided with these gliders they will have to be launched by the free hand as it is not possible to devise a launch method. This is so because making any alterations to the glider might distort its stability and will cause unequal weight balance. Although launching from the hand will have uncertainties such as different launch force and height it will be controlled as much as possible. In order to make sure the height is constant a plumb line will be taken and held from the comfortable launch height. This plumb line will then be measured in accordance with a metre scale. Every time a glider is launched it will be launched from the same height as the thread will be held at that height while launching the glider. The second height from which it will be launched will be after standing on top of a dining table. The height of the table will be measured by using another plumb line and will be measured in accordance to the metre scale. This height of the table will be added to the initial launch height and then a plumb line of that height will be held while the launch. The fourth height will be from approximately the first floor. The vast interval difference is taken so that there can be a clear trend that can be observed for the flight time. The height of the wall will be measured and then the initial height of the launch will be added to this. The fourth height will be from above a table on the first floor, in order to obtain this height the same step as the one for the table height on the lower level will be used. Taking the readings of the flight time will be done by using a stopwatch. It is not possible for me to do this alone as starting the stopwatch and launching the glider is not possible at the same time hence a little assistance will be required to measure the flight time. The assistant will start recording the flight time as soon as the glider leaves contact with my hand and will stop as soon as the glider touches the ground. These readings will then be recorded in a table. There will be 5 readings taken for each glider at each height. There are two wing positions possible either at the front of the socket or the back. Each gliders wings will be adjusted as front and back and for each position there will be 5 readings taken. Result Flight time for different launch height (Experiment1) Glider A Height (meters) Flight time ( ± 0.01s) Average( ±0.13s) t2(sec2) 1.5 1.64 1.78 1.84 1.81 1.74 3.03 2.24 2.21 2.45 2.53 2.28 2.38 5.68 5.3 3.83 3.94 4.04 3.72 3.91 15.29 6.04 4.81 4.63 4.79 4.84 4.75 22.54 As the height was increased the flight time also increased. Since the glider used was the same and the speed with which it was projected also remained same the lift experienced by the glider did not change. The increase in the time was only due to the increase in height from which the glider was projected. Glider B Height (meters) Flight time ( ± 0.01s) Average ( ±0.13s) t2(sec2) 1.5 1.25 1.5 1.28 1.3 1.32 1.75 2.24 1.54 1.68 1.61 1.59 1.61 2.60 5.3 2.19 1.94 2.4 2.33 2.24 5.02 6.04 2.78 3.01 2.92 2.84 2.87 8.26 The trend between the time of flight and the height of launch was same as in the case of glider A. Glider C Height (meters) Flight time ( ± 0.01s) Average ( ±0.04s) t2(sec2) 1.5 0.93 0.90 1.01 0.94 0.94 0.88 2.24 1.16 1.21 1.24 1.19 1.19 1.43 5.3 1.57 1.59 1.55 1.6 1.57 2.45 6.04 2.1 2.12 2.11 2.15 2.11 4.47 The trend between the time of flight and the height of launch was same as in the case of glider A and B. hence in all the 3 cases it was found that the lift experienced by the gliders did not depend upon the height of projection or the height at which the glider was flying. As seen above in the graph the flight time of the glider is directly proportional to the height from which it has been released i.e. as the height increases the time taken by the glider to touch the ground also increases. According to the equation of motion 2 If we are considering the vertical motion then the initial speed in the vertical direction will be taken as zero then 2. The three forces acting on the glider that is the weight (mg), the drag and the lift are all constant. Since the drag and the lift depend on the speed of the glider it is not changing as the speed in all the cases are constant. The above relation can be made linear by plotting a graph between t2 and h from this graph the net acceleration acting on the glider can be calculated by measuring the slope of the graph. Since: 2. Net acceleration = 2/slope of the curve. Measurement of net acceleration of the glider. Glider A Calculation Net acceleration = 2/slope of the curve. Net acceleration in glider A= = 0.51 m/s2 Glider B Calculation Net acceleration = 2/slope of the curve. Net acceleration in glider B= = 1.62 m/s2 Glider C Calculation Net acceleration = 2/slope of the curve. Net acceleration in glider B= = 3.1 m/s2 The Glider C has the maximum acceleration and Glider A has the least. This also means that Glider C comes to rest much more quickly than Glider A, Glider A also has a longer glide time and this is because of the light weight and wing span that makes it more stable while in flight. Whereas when compared to Glider C the weight is much more and the glider isnt stable enough to stay in air for a long time. The wing area also has a significant impact on this as the more wing area means more lift however when we check Glider C has more wing area but it yet doesnt get enough lift; this explains that this glider needs more thrust when launched in order to stay in air longer than the others. Wing Position (Experiment2) Glider A Wing Position for A Position Flight time ( ± 0.01s) Average ( ±0.11secs) Front 1.72 1.85 1.9 1.68 1.77 1.78 Back 1.56 1.59 1.72 1.6 1.52 1.60 As seen above when the wings of the glider are moved forward the flight time of the glider increases. Glider B Wing Position for B Position Flight time ( ± 0.01s) Average ( ±0.11secs) Front 2.13 2.06 2.24 2.17 2.26 2.17 Back 1.66 1.59 1.63 1.82 1.74 1.69 As in the case of Glider A when the wings of the glider are moved forward the flight time of the glider increases. Glider C Wing Position for C Position Flight time ( ± 0.01s) Average ( ±0.12secs) Front 1.47 1.59 1.61 1.53 1.42 1.52 Back 0.84 0.79 0.94 0.75 1.03 0.87 As in the case of Glider A and B when the wings of the glider are moved forward the flight time of the glider increases. As we can see in the graphs above the time taken for the flight when the wings are in front is more than the flight time for when the wings are pushed backward. This is because the forward wings make the flight of the glider much more unstable and cause it to loop more. The looping increases the time to touch the ground as it causes sudden immediate lift and this also increases the horizontal gliding time. Whereas on the other hand when the wings are pulled back in order to make the flight more stable but there are still other factors like weight, lift and drag that are constantly affecting the flight and causing it to descend. Conclusion: In the first part of the experiment it was found that the flight time increases as the height from where the glider was launched increases. I each of the 3 gliders the lift acting on the glider did not change as the area of the glider remained same. The change in the flight time was only due to the change in the height of the launch. The graph between the height of launch and the square of flight time gave the measure of the net acceleration in case of the 3 gliders which in turn could be interpreted in terms of net force acting on the glider. The measure of net acceleration showed that the lift produced in case of the gliders increased with the wing area. The lift in the case of Glider A was found to be maximum, as it had the maximum wing area. In the second experiment the flight time increased as the wing position was shifted towards the front of the glider. The trend obtained in all the three gliders was the same. The increase in the flight time was due to the increase in lift that made the glider shoot up and loop in the air. As the glider looped in the air the height also increased which in turn increased the flight time. The increase in the loop made by the glider was due to the instability produced by shifting the weight of the wing to the front of the plane. Limitations: There were several limitations while doing this experiment. The first and what can be considered as the most important is the launching technique. This is the most crucial part of this experiment and all the readings depend on this. Due to the fragile bodies of the glider there could be no launching technique devised that would make sure the force on each launch is the same. The lift acting on the glider depends on the speed of the glider; if the launching speed varies it can affect the lift experienced by the glider. Since it is not possible to neither control the force used for each launch nor measure it, it was the biggest drawback. When the experiment was conducted in the open the wind factor had a great impact on the flight of the gliders. The gliders being light and very fragile, the wind outdoor was drifting the gliders into different directions and also slowing them down. This change in path and time was random and unpredictable. Since it was not possible to control the wind the experiment was carried out in a closed environment, yet there was some wind that affected the flight and caused slight deviation in path which could have possibly increased the flight time or even decreased it. Since the gliders were launched several times and had not landing mechanism as well, the rough landing chipped quite a few parts of the gliders that made the flight for the later readings relatively unstable and defective. Unresolved Questions: The effect of projection velocity on the flight time was not clear as the gliders were launched with almost same velocity and force. The speed with which the glider moves effects both the lift on the glider and the drag acting on it. The two forces are very important in deciding the flight of the gliders. By designing a proper launch mechanism the effect of speed or the launch force would had been studied. Also the efficiency of the flight could have been studied by measuring glide ratio i.e. the ratio of the horizontal distance travelled and the loss of height travelled in a given time. Bibliography Books: Giancoli, Douglas C., Physics Principles with Applications, 6th Edition, Pearson Education Limited, NJISBN: 0-13 -184661-2-1. Nelkon, M., and Parker, P., Advanced level Physics, London, Heinemann Educational Books Limited, ISBN 0-435-68636-4 Tsokos, K., A., Physics for the IB Diploma,5th Edition, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-13821-5 Websites: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliding_flight http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/glider.html http://www.skysailing.com/pages/theory.htm http://web.mit.edu/16.00/www/aec/flight.html